Thursday, 3 July 2025

Kerala Administrative Service | KAS Mains Model Questions | Detailed Answer Key | 2025

Are you an aspiring candidate eagerly preparing for the highly competitive Kerala Administrative Service (KAS) Mains Examination 2025? With the KAS Mains exams confirmed for October 17th and 18th, 2025, the time for strategic and effective preparation is now. To empower your journey towards a coveted position in the Kerala State Government, we present an invaluable resource: our comprehensive set of KAS Mains Model Questions accompanied by a Detailed Answer Key. This meticulously crafted guide is designed to simulate the actual KAS exam pattern and challenge you with questions aligned precisely with the latest KAS Mains syllabus. Whether you're aiming to refine your descriptive writing skills, enhance your general studies knowledge, or simply gauge your readiness, our model questions with detailed solutions will provide the essential practice and insights needed to crack the KAS Mains 2025 and achieve your dream of serving in the Kerala Administrative Service 

KAS Mains Model Question - Topic Kerala Economy


Question: ‘Kerala economy has rested in a bit of a gamble. Keralites would bear the brunt of the change in those societies & economies and the people of Kerala would be flocking back to an economy that is unable to absorb them’. Contemplate this statement by Dr. Shashi Tharoor (5 Marks)

Answer: 

Introduction:

Dr. Shashi Tharoor’s remark is a critical reflection on Kerala’s overdependence on remittance-driven growth, warning of the potential socio-economic disruption if external conditions force Non-Resident Keralites (NRKs) to return en masse. This model of development, while ensuring high social indicators, rests on fragile external economies, making it a "gamble" that could unravel under global shocks.

The “Gamble” of Kerala’s Economic Model:

1. Remittance-Driven Development

  • Kerala’s economy has long been supported by remittances, especially from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

  • According to the Kerala Migration Survey (KMS) 2023, remittances touched ₹2.16 lakh crore, accounting for over 19% of India’s total inward remittances, up from 10.2% in 2021.

  • This has led to increased household consumption, real estate growth, and human development—but limited structural economic transformation.

2. External Vulnerabilities

Kerala’s economy is exposed to changes outside its control:

  • Economic Slowdowns in Gulf oil economies.

  • COVID-19 lockdowns and associated job losses.

  • “Nationalisation” Policies like:

    • Nitaqat and Saudization (Saudi Arabia),

    • Oman’s local hiring mandates,

    • Stricter H-1B visa rules in the USA,

    • Anti-immigrant sentiments in Europe.

  • Geopolitical Instability in West Asia (Yemen conflict, Iran tensions, etc.).

  • Racial and cultural backlash in parts of the Western world.

The Fallout: Return Migration and Systemic Pressure

1. Rise in Return Migration

  • As per KMS 2023, 1.8 million Keralites have returned, up from 1.2 million in 2018.

  • Major causes: employment loss, visa issues, Gulfisation, and stagnant construction sectors abroad.

2. Burden on Domestic Economy

The influx of returnees presents multiple challenges:

  • Loss of Remittances: Directly impacts consumption and family income.

  • Unemployment Surge: Kerala’s unemployment rate is one of the highest in India.

  • Skill Mismatch: Returnees often possess skills that don’t align with local job markets.

  • Underdeveloped Industrial Base: Lack of scalable manufacturing and industrial employment.

  • Limited absorptive capacity in agriculture, services, and infrastructure.

Kerala’s Structural Weaknesses:

  • High consumption, low production economy.

  • Poor industrialisation and private investment.

  • Overdependence on service sector jobs.

  • Infrastructure bottlenecks and land acquisition hurdles.

  • Delayed implementation of structural economic reforms.

Way Forward: Building a Resilient Kerala Economy

1. Rehabilitating Returnees

  • NORKA Roots: Schemes like Swanthana, Dream Kerala, business facilitation centres.

  • Focus on reintegration via upskilling and micro-entrepreneurship.

2. Economic Diversification

  • Shift focus from remittances to production and innovation.

  • Boost manufacturing, agriculture value chains, renewable energy, fisheries, and handloom/coir industries.

  • Support labour-intensive traditional industries through credit, export promotion, and marketing.

3. Knowledge-Based Economy

  • Strengthen K-DISC, Kerala Knowledge Economy Mission, and Startup Mission.

  • Attract R&D through innovation zones akin to Silicon Valley or Research Triangle, USA.

  • Enable high-tech industries and frugal innovations aimed at inclusive development.

4. Skill Development

  • Bridge the skill gap through demand-oriented training.

  • Collaborate with private sector for vocational and professional education.

5. Entrepreneurship & MSME Promotion

  • Encourage self-employment and micro-enterprises.

  • Provide incubation support and easy credit via state-backed financial institutions.

6. Diaspora as a Development Partner

  • Move beyond remittances to harness diaspora expertise, investments, and networks.

  • Establish structured channels for diaspora-led investment in startups, education, tourism, and healthcare.

Conclusion:

Dr. Tharoor’s statement is both a cautionary note and a call for transformation. Kerala’s development model has yielded social gains, but the economic foundations remain vulnerable. As the global migration landscape changes, Kerala must pivot toward self-reliant, employment-generating, and resilient economic strategies. A forward-looking, inclusive economic roadmap—grounded in diversification, innovation, and diaspora engagement—will turn this gamble into a sustainable model for the future.




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Saturday, 21 June 2025

Kerala Administrative Service - KAS Exam - Eligibility, Syllabus, Exam Pattern, Study tips

Here is everything you want to know about Kerala Administrative Service-KAS examination conducted by Kerala PSC. Kerala Administrative Service (KAS) is the civil service of Kerala. The officers for this post will be recruited by Kerala Public Service Commission through KAS examination. Like Indian Administrative Services, KAS is also very dynamic and powerful post. KAS in Kerala government has already commenced.

The KAS preliminary examination was conducted on June 14, 2025 by Kerala Public Service Commission. The overall examination was moderate where PAPER 1 was quite tough and PAPER 2 was easy compared to 2020 KAS Preliminary examination.
  • The expected cut off mark for KAS 2025 Prelims - STREAM 1 - 95 marks
  • The expected cut off mark for KAS 2025 Prelims - STREAM 2 - 85 marks
  • The expected cut off mark for KAS 2025 Prelims - STREAM 3 - 70 marks


KAS mains examination is on 17th & 18th October 2025, and the KAS interview on January 2026, and the final rank list will be published on February 16, 2025. The KAS prelims and mains examination syllabus remains unchanged from the previous one.  This information is a big relief for the KAS aspirants as they have waited for this examination for so long. Stay tuned to this blog for more news updates and KAS exam notifications. 

For KAS Mains Test Series 2025 & Kerala Topics Mains Study Material 2025 - email us on kastutor4u@gmail.com




KAS MAINS SAMPLE QUESTION - 


KAS came in to force from 1st January 2018 and the first exam notification for the same was published on 1st November 2019.  (Useful link >> KAS Notification 01-11-2019 published by Kerala PSC). The Kerala Civil Service Executive Special Rules has been published under notification Government orders. - G.O.(P) No. 12-2017-P&ARD. As per the notification, extra ordinary gazette date 01.11.2019 & last date 04.12.2019, applications were invited in Kerala Administrative Service department under category number 186/2019 for stream 1, 187/2019 for stream 2 and 188/2019 for stream 3 for the post of KAS Officer (Junior Time Scale) trainee. KAS Preliminary exam 2020 was conducted on 22.02.2020. Kerala PSC had conducted KAS descriptive exam (KAS Mains) for those who qualified prelims. The final result for Stream 1, Stream 2 and Stream 3 were also published in 2021.
Kerala Administrative Service KAS

Synopsis of Kerala Administrative Service. 

Free Classes Playlist in YouTube



The scheme of the examination are as follows:

 Preliminary Examination: (Syllabus>>)
  • 2 papers having a total of 200 marks combined.
  • Each paper is having a maximum mark of 100.
  • Duration of each paper of exam is 1 Hour 30 Minutes. 
  • Medium of question will be in English except for regional language (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada) testing questions.
  • First paper (Part I) of the preliminary exam is General Studies Paper I (100 marks). 
  • Second paper (Part II) is General Studies Paper II & Language Proficiency which includes 50 marks GK Questions based on the syllabus, 30 marks for testing regional language (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada), 20 marks for testing proficiency in English language.
  • The exam is OMR type objective examination.
  • Both Part I and Part II examinations was conducted on the same day.
  • Date of exam was 14.06.2025 for all 3 streams.
  • Candidates were required to submit their confirmation for writing this examination through one time registration profile.
  • Candidates who successfully submitted their confirmation were able to download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the website www.keralapsc.gov.in 
  • Qualification for the exam is degree level.
  • This was just a qualifying paper and these marks are not counted for final selection.
  • Aspirants qualifying prelims will be able to write mains exam.
KAS Prelims Question Paper 2020 - Paper 1 - Alpha Code A - Click here>>

KAS Prelims 2020 Final Answer Key by Kerala PSC -  Paper 1 - Alpha Code A - Click here>>

KAS Prelims Question Paper 2020 - Paper 2 - Alpha Code A - Click here>>

KAS Prelims 2020 Final Answer Key by Kerala PSC -  Paper 2 - Alpha Code A - Click here>>

Mains Examination  (Syllabus>>)
  • 3 papers having a total of 300 marks combined.
  • Each paper will be having 100 marks.
  • Each paper will be of duration 2 hours.
  • The examination will be conducted in 2 days.
  • Month of exam is tentatively decided as October 17,18 - 2025.
  • Aspirants qualifying mains will be able to attend the interview/personality test.
KAS Mains Question Paper 2020

1. PAPER 1 - World History, Indian History, Kerala History & Kerala Culture
2. PAPER 2 - Indian Constitution, Public Administration, Political System, Governance, Social Justice & International Relations, Science & Technology, Environment.
3. PAPER 3 - Indian Economy, Physical Geography, Indian Geography, Kerala Geography

Interview
  • The interview will be of 50 marks.
The rank is decided out of 350 marks including marks of mains examination and interview. For more details, please download the KAS Notification 2025.

KAS Syllabus, Exam Pattern & Selection Process

Syllabus for Kerala Administrative Service preliminary exam are available in this link (KAS Prelims Syllabus). The government of Kerala has accepted the amendments in syllabus and pattern of examination. The syllabus, exam pattern and selection process of the exam was decided by the academic council of Kerala PSC. This syllabus has been published along with KAS exam notification on 01.11.2019. The abstract of the Kerala Administrative Examination syllabus are as follows. 

General Studies I
A. History (India & Kerala)
  • Ancient & Medieval Period
  • Modern Period
  • Kerala History (from 18th century)
B. History of the world (from mid 18th century)
C. Cultural Heritage of Kerala
D. Indian Constitution, Public Administration, Political System, Governance, Social Justice and International Relations.
E. Reasoning, Mental Ability & Simple Arithmetic
F. Geography

General Studies II
A. Economy and Planning
B. Science and Technology.
C. Current Events
D. Language Proficiency - English
E. Language Proficiency - (Malayalam/Kannada/Tamil)



The primary aim behind the concept of KAS is to indulge young and dynamic youngsters to be part of Kerala administration and decision-making so as to bring quality and efficiency to the service. Moreover, the recruitment of KAS officers will also fill the vacant posts and will be an efficient substitute for IAS officers.

Once you pass KAS examination, you will be posted as a Gazetted II officer (Junior Time Scale) in various departments of the Kerala government including public administration and finance department. There are 4 categories of KAS officers as mentioned in the synopsis given below. However, the freshers will join the service on the Junior Time Scale. Details of different categories of KAS officers and the qualifications required are mentioned in this article in subsequent sections.

Presently, there are two ways a Kerala state government employee could be conferred IAS. Either he/she should be recruited after passing Deputy Collector examination or the person should be working with the revenue department in a clerical post for many years. However, both these cadres will take a considerable amount of time, smart work and luck (sometimes) to get a conferred IAS.

Incidentally, the introduction of KAS will act as a fast feeder category to Indian Administrative Service in minimum possible time. Moreover, KAS has the capability to recruit roughly 3000 officers in various departments for a span of 10 years. The A-Z details of the much awaited KAS exam are as follows.



Indian Constitution Study Material for Kerala PSC exams





 Eligibility Criteria - Method of Appointment & Qualification

There are 4 streams of appointment in Kerala Administrative service. This include

1. Junior Time Scale

2. Senior Time Scale .

3. Selection Grade Scale

4. Super Time Grade Scale

An officer joining the KAS shall start their career in the Junior Time Scale in the state service. The posts in the KAS shall be distributed between the above-mentioned time scales in 6:5:4:3 ratio. The number of posts at each level shall be determined by rounding off to the next lowest whole number. The employees in Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) will not be treated in the category of Government employees and they have to apply in the stream 1 direct recruitment category. 

Age Limit 

For Direct Recruitment of KAS Officer (Junior Time Scale) Steam 1 - Must not have completed 32 years of age on 1st January of the year in which application for appointment is invited. Age relaxation for reservations will be applicable. As per the latest notification, candidates who have born in between 02.01.1987 and 01.01.1998 (both dates are included) are eligible to apply for this post.
Lower Age Limit: 21 years
Age Relaxation: 3 years for OBC, 5 years for SC/ST

For Direct Recruitment (From permanent employees. Employees on probation in any Government departments (PSU employees not included)) Stream 2 - Must not have completed 40 years of age on 1st January of the year in which application of appointment is invited. Age relaxation for reservations will be applicable. As per the latest notification, candidates who have born in between 02.01.1979 and 01.01.1998 (both dates are included) are eligible to apply for this post.
Lower Age Limit: 21 years
Age Relaxation: 3 years for OBC, 5 years for SC/ST

By transfer appointment from candidates holding 1st gazetted posts in Government departments and equivalent posts in common categories must not have completed 50 years of age limit as on 1st January of the year in which application for appointment is invited. 

 For more details of age relaxations of differently abled candidates and ex-servicemen & general conditions regarding age relaxations, please refer page 2 of KAS notification 2019.

Educational Qualification (Common for all category) 
Must have obtained a Bachelor Degree (including professional course) in any subject from a University recognized by a University established by Government of Kerala or UGC or awarded by National Institutes established by the Government of India. Read more>>

Appointing Authority
The government of Kerala is the appointing authority.

 List of services in KAS
According to the Kerala Civil Service Executive Special Rules, KAS officers will be posted in 29 departments of Government of Kerala including Kerala Secretariat public administration & finance. Some of the important departments where KAS officers are posted are as follows; These are also the departments in Schedule-I of KAS Special Rule 2018.
  1. Administrative Secretariat
  2. Finance Secretariat
  3. Civil Supplies
  4. Commercial Taxes
  5. Commissionerate of Entrance Examinations
  6. Co-operative department
  7. Culture
  8. Industries and Commerce
  9. Labour
  10. State Lotteries
  11. National Employment Service
  12. National Savings
  13. Kerala State Audit
  14. Land Revenue
  15. Panchayats
  16. Registrations
  17. Sainik Welfare
  18. Social Justice
  19. State Insurance
  20. Stationery
  21. Kerala State land use board
  22. Rural development
  23. Scheduled Caste development
  24. Scheduled Tribe development
  25. Survey and land records
  26. Treasuries
  27. General Education
  28. Tourism 
  29. Urban Affairs
  30. Common Categories (Administrative Officer, Administrative Assistant, Account Officer, Financial Assistant and posts earmarked for transfer appointment through KPSC in the cadre of Financial Assistant and listed in Schedule II of these rules)

Salary of KAS Officer
Pay scale of a KAS officer will be the highest scale of pay available for the post under a department they are getting selected. For example, if a Junior Time Scale officer is posted as Revenue Divisional officer in the Revenue Department, he will be getting the highest pay scale available for that post. (Read more>>)


KAS Results 2021

For getting the results of the first ever KAS examination, pls click on the link below.

1. Stream 1 - Rank 1 - Malini S - Marks (198.25/350)
2. Stream 2  - Rank 1 - Akhila Chacko - Marks (180.75/350)
3. Stream 3 - Rank 1 - Anoop Kumar V - Marks (151.25/350)


Why KAS?
Kerala Administrative Service - KASKAS will introduce a special cadre for direct recruitment in some of the important Gazette II departments including Secretariat. 8 years of service in such cadres will be eligible for the post of IAS. Presently, the highest cadre in which Kerala PSC recruits is Deputy Collector and that was the means for conferring IAS indirectly. But the number of aspirants who promotes to IAS from Deputy Collector in Kerala is very less. This vacancy cannot be filled by all India quota also. Due to these reasons, almost 70 cadres are vacant in Kerala. This situation forces the civil servants in the service to handle more than one department and creates some inefficiency in the department. The introduction of KAS will be a solution to this problem. However, there were some issues by Secretariat employees for introducing KAS in departments in Secretariat and these are getting resolved nowadays.

Another advantage of KAS is, it will bring gazetted employees in Kerala Secretariat and the gazetted officers outside Secretariat under a common platform and will introduce a civil service which gives experiences inside and outside secretariat and will channel a stream of youngsters who are capable of changing the preface of Kerala government. This will mark an end to the heap of not processed files inside secretariat and common man will get his rights in a fast and efficient manner. KAS will build a cadre of public servants as a second line of managerial talent for Government for effective implementation of Government policies and programs

KAS can also be a dream comes true for most of the talented youths of Kerala. It can generate employment for a commendable number of dynamic youngsters who can bring changes to drive present administration to the top gear. It can bring talented and committed officers in Government Service and prepare them for senior level administrative and managerial positions in public service. Hardly 10 to 15 IAS aspirants of the state were getting qualified in the all India Civil Services examination. In this scenario, KAS can bring more aspirants to administrative services and offer them the dream job they cherish. There are likely to be 300 vacancies for KAS post in a year which is a commendable figure.

Why KAS is better than Deputy Collector post?
It is mainly because of the authority and power of the post. KAS will be more powerful post than deputy collector and is going to be the highest cadre one can be recruited in Kerala through Kerala PSC. Moreover, for KAS, the posting can be (possibility only) permanently in secretariat (Thiruvananthapuram) but for deputy collector, posting can be anywhere in Kerala. Also, KAS will be having a better chance and less time for conferring IAS compared to deputy collector. Moreover, a number of officers who were being promoted to IAS from Deputy Collector post is very less in Kerala. In this regard, KAS will become a fast feeder category to IAS through appointment by promotion from SCS (State Civil Service) officers and appointment by selection from Non-SCS officers superseding the existing rules in this regard.

Why KAS is better than IAS? - Please follow the link - https://kastutor.blogspot.com/2022/02/comparisonofKASwith%20IAS.html


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    Wednesday, 26 February 2025

    Economy of Kerala State | Kerala Economy Syllabus Wise Study Material for KAS Exam | Prelims & Mains | KAS Tutor

    This article is all about economy of Kerala state explained based on the Kerala economy syllabus of Kerala Administrative Service (KAS) examination prelims and mains. Here we discuss the the Economy of Kerala from pre-independence era (before 1947) to recent Covid period (2020). Economy of Kerala State and Kerala Model Development is the two pillar that the KAS Kerala Economy Syllabus is aligned to. The article explain how the feudalistic and agrarian backward economy of Kerala during its formative years transformed in to egalitarian service sector dominant economy after Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation (LPG) reforms in 1991 and then to a world class 'Kerala Model' in 2020. Because of the high social indicators and qualitative model of development, Kerala is world example by its 'Kerala Model of Development'. There is comparison done between Gujarat Model of Development. The video discusses the condition of the economy of Kerala state based on historic timelines, the performance of various sectors like agriculture, manufacturing and services. It also explains the trend of gulf boom in 1970s, pravasi and foreign remittance. The article ends with an analysis of the challenges faced by the economy of Kerala during pre-Covid period and post covid period. Let us move on to the article.



    Kerala was emerged as a constituent state of the Indian Union by the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 by the integration of Malayalam speaking regions which include the princely states of Travancore-Kochi (Thiru-Kochi), Malabar along with some other minor territorial adjustments on 1 November 1956. At the time of formation of the state, the economic condition, health and educational status of Malabar (an administrative district of Madras Presidency) which were under the control of British colonial rule was very backward compared to the princely states of Travancore & Kochi which were ruled by native rulers & kings. 

    The economic environment of Travancore and Cochin was much more favourable to an enhancement and well-being of the people, relative to British controlled Malabar. The policy of conferring ownership rights for land were exercised to some extend in Travancore & Kochi and benefits of commercialisation were extended to the tenants and land holders of the region but no serious legislative measures for land ownership and tenancy were taken in Malabar region until 1920s and the peasants were exploited by the landlords and middlemen. Thus the economy of the state was under developed and mostly agrarian until its formation. 

    The economy of Kerala faced structural change after its formation. Structural transformation is a process by which the relative importance of different sectors and activities of an economy changes over time. The state of Kerala had changed from a backward agrarian (primary sector) rural economy in 1956 to a prominent service sector (tertiary sector) economy by 2020. 

    The economic condition of the state during its formative years had the characteristics of a backward economy. It was not self-reliant on food supply, there was shortage in agricultural production, per capita income was below the national level, tenancy system was existing, problems of unemployment, vulnerable sections of society, massive poverty, poor standard of health, lack of infrastructure and so on. In this regard, economic policy of the successive governments of the state of Kerala during 1956-1990 phase was mainly characterised by excessive state intervention in the market, state development through economic planning & funding through public investment, promotion of PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings), expansion of social welfare measures, public investment in education and health etc.

     




    It is obvious that market interventions by the government is essential to promote social goods and well-being; however, excessive state interventions in a way retarded the economic growth of Kerala. The basic drawbacks of the policy during this phase was that it concentrated more on public investment and ignored the vital role of private investment in accelerating the economic growth and development. The inward looking policies gave least priority to technological development. Mechanisation were considered as anti-labour and was backed by the support of trade unions. Introduction of computers in banking sector & government departments also invited opposition from the trade unions initially. The growth rate during 1956-1990 was below 5% (which is considered as a low rate of growth) except the period of second half of 1960s. 

    The large scale emigration of Keralite to West Asia especially Gulf countries was a major demographic trend in Kerala starting from mid-1970s. It brought foreign remittance and has a significant contribution to the economic condition of the state. Tourism is another service sector industry which had significant contribution to the economy of Kerala since the last half of 1980s.





    Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation reforms (LPG reforms) of the central government in 1991 which marked the economic liberalisation in India had a positive impact on Kerala economy even though it was not initially welcomed by the then ruling government in Kerala. The state had a radical transition from a backward agrarian economy during the pre-liberalisation period (1956-1990) to a modern growing economy in post-liberalisation period (1991-2020). During this period, adequate priority was given to private investments which led to infrastructure development, rapid urbanisation of the state, technological advancements and reduction in poverty level of the state etc. 

    However, the negative impact of economic liberalisation to the economy of Kerala include fall in price of cash crops especially rubber due to liberalised import norms. It also led to marginalisation of certain section of the society who were dependent on agriculture and allied activities from the competition from the global market. Private investment in infrastructure through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model was not pulled off as expected. But in a broader perspective, LPG reforms stimulated growth in primary, secondary and tertiary sector of the economy. The growth was interrupted during the Global Economic Crisis in 2008 and subsequent years. 

    Analysing the sector wise growth rate post LPG reforms, the primary and secondary sectors remained as sluggish, the service sector achieved a high growth path. Kerala at present is a service sector (tertiary sector) dominant economy. 

    Despite the sluggish economic growth over the years, Kerala has a unique developmental experience giving focus on social justice, economic equity and people-centered public policy and thus attaining high levels on “Physical Quality of life Indices” (PQLI) and human development interestingly at low per capita income. The state of Kerala has been able to achieve exemplary results in key social indicators such as health, literacy, standard of living and other demographic indices; featuring in it no urban-rural difference; utilising barely sufficient resources. All these factors made the economic experts to call the state’s economic development model as the ‘Kerala Model Development’ or the ‘social justice model’ or an exemplar of the ‘basic need approach’. However, this development model is characterized by low per-capita income and poor expansion of economic activities (especially till late 1980s) which fits the state to human development-lop sided category in the analysis of the relationship between economic performance and human development. 

    There are arguments that the development model of the state is not sustainable and is resulting in mounting fiscal problems. Thus ‘Kerala model’ has been referred as a paradox of social development and economic backwardness. However, the model signifies that it is possible in less industrialised and urbanised societies to attain the third stage of demographic transition by means of such social development without the simultaneous rise in per capita income, urbanisation and industrialisation, unlike in the advance countries. Apparently, the economic situation is reviving since late 1980s in Kerala and we are striving to be in the new ‘virtuous’ phase of Kerala’s development: human development and economic growth which seem to have started reinforcing one another positively, in contrast to the earlier experience of ‘human development lop-sidedness’ (with weak economic growth). 

    As we are in the year 2020, the economy of Kerala witnessed 2 consecutive landslides & flood years, extreme rainfall events, cyclone Ockhi, NIPA virus outbreak and the Covid 19 pandemic. The state resources were also inversely affected by the implementation of Goods & Service Tax regimes. Despite all these problems, a positive growth rate is recorded for 2018-19 financial year. Kerala economy grew at 7.5 per cent (at constant prices). The growth was 7.3 per cent in 2017-18. The growth in 2018-19 was mainly due to the growth in secondary sector, which recorded a growth of 8.8 per cent (at constant prices). The tertiary sector grew at 8.4 per cent in the same year. 

    The national economic slowdown affected the state of Kerala badly. Growth rate in BRICS countries (except China) is lower than the preceding year. The estimated national growth in real GDP in 2019-20 is 5%, much lesser than the growth rate of 6.8% recorded in 2018-19. The demonetisation & implementation of GST regimes had a blow to country’s economy at least for the time being. India had also issues with banking sector and NBFCs. 

    Recessionary trend in the global economy which is creating an economic trouble in the Gulf region and the country specific policies like ‘nitaqat’ is affecting the foreign remittance and is a serious setback to the economy of Kerala. The uncertain geopolitics, global trade barriers, fluctuating crude oil prices are intensifying the global slowdown to another level which will have its repercussions in the state’s economy as well. 

    The global outbreak of Covid 19 pandemic will be posting a great threat to the economy of the state also as it may seriously affect the foreign remittance and service sectors or hospitality sector especially retail hotels & restaurants, travel & tourism etc which were the significant source of income for the state. The consumption pattern of the state will be seriously affected which in turn affects the State Domestic Product. However, the state is spending enough to public expenditure on health care and is recovering from the threat which is commendable and exemplary.
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    Please note that this is an excerpt and the introductory chapter from our book "Economy of Kerala State : Syllabus wise Study Material for KAS exam". As you all know, there is no specific standard books available in the market which covers the entire syllabus of Kerala Economy. So KAS Tutor is preparing the syllabus wise study material for Kerala economy syllabus with the help of multiple books and with our expert panel. To buy the eBook, feel free to contact us on kastutor4u@gmail.com.
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    Syllabus based Books & Study Materials for KAS Exam 2025 | Kerala Administrative Service | KAS Tutor |

    This article is all about syllabus-based recommended books and study materials for the Kerala Administrative Service (KAS) examination. We will be providing you a list of books, eBooks, and study resources based on the KAS Prelims & Mains examination syllabus 2025. You can click on the concerned link to purchase, download, or view the study materials. Make sure you are buying the latest edition of the standard textbooks. To buy any study materials, feel free to email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com.




    Paper 1 


    (A) History (India and Kerala)


    1) Ancient and Medieval period




    2) Modern Period





    3) Kerala History


    • Kerala Charithram by A Sreedhara Menon (കേരള ചരിത്രം - എ ശ്രീധരമേനോന്‍)
    • Kerala & Freedom Struggle by A Sreedhara Menon
    • Political History of Kerala (1885-1957) by A Sreedhara Menon  (കേരള രാഷ്ട്രിയ ചരിത്രം (1885-1957) - എ ശ്രീധരമേനോന്‍)
    • Kerala: An Authentic Handbook by I&PR Department, Govt. of Kerala.
    • Kerala History for KAS Exam by KAS Tutor (To buy the eBook, email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com)



    (B) History of the world


    • Themes in World History, NCERT Class XI 


    (C) Cultural Heritage of Kerala


    • കേരള സംസ്കാരം - എ ശ്രീധരമേനോന്‍
    • The Legacy of Kerala - A Sreedhara Menon
    • Kerala: An Authentic Handbook by I&PR Department, Govt. of Kerala (No one will get..stopped printing) 
    • http://www.keralaculture.org/: Website of Dept of Cultural Affairs, Govt. of Kerala.
    • Kerala Culture for KAS Exam by KAS Tutor (To buy the eBook, email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com)


    Paper 2 

    (A) Indian Constitution, Public Administration, Political System, Governance, Social Justice and International Relations


    • Indian Constitution at Work, NCERT Class XI 
    • Indian Polity by Laxmikanth 
    • Governance in India by Laxmikanth 
    • International Organisations by IAS Parliament 
    • Annual reports of NHRC, NCW, NCSC, NCST etc. 
    • 10 Principles of admin law source is not found 


    (B) Science and Technology



    (C) Monthly compilation of any educational institutes


    Paper 3 

    (A) Economy and Planning 
    • Introductory Macroeconomics, NCERT Class XII 
    • Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT Class XII  
    (A.8,9) Kerala Economy

    • Economy of Kerala State by KAS Tutor (To buy the eBook, email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com)
    • Kerala Model Development by KAS Tutor (To buy the eBook, email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com)


    (B) Geography 







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    Kerala Administrative Service Exam Books, Study Materials & Notes for Prelims & Mains 2025 | Syllabus Wise Contents

    This article will give you the details of recommended books, online content, study materials, and short notes for the Kerala Administrative Service - KAS prelims and main examination. Bookmark this page for syllabus-wise contents, study materials, rank files, and books for the KAS exam based on the syllabus set by Kerala PSC. Some of the eBooks mentioned here can be downloaded in PDF format also.

    To receive the KAS 2025 study materials by KAS TUTOR - email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com


    The syllabus-wise study materials for the KAS mains examination are as follows. You can click on the concerned link to purchase, download, or view the study materials. Make sure you are buying the latest edition of the standard textbooks.

     Paper 1 


    (A) History (India and Kerala)


    1) Ancient and Medieval period




    2) Modern Period





    3) Kerala History


    • Kerala Charithram by A Sreedhara Menon (കേരള ചരിത്രം - എ ശ്രീധരമേനോന്‍)
    • Political History of Kerala (1885-1957) by A Sreedhara Menon  (കേരള രാഷ്ട്രിയ ചരിത്രം (1885-1957) - എ ശ്രീധരമേനോന്‍)
    • Kerala: An Authentic Handbook by I&PR Department, Govt. of Kerala. 
    • Kerala History by KAS Tutor based on KAS Syllabus 2025 (to buy the study material, email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com).



    (B) History of the world


    • Themes in World History, NCERT Class XI 


    (C) Cultural Heritage of Kerala


    • കേരള സംസ്കാരം - എ ശ്രീധരമേനോന്‍
    • The Legacy of Kerala - A Sreedhara Menon
    • Kerala: An Authentic Handbook by I&PR Department, Govt. of Kerala.
    • http://www.keralaculture.org/: Website of Dept of Cultural Affairs, Govt. of Kerala
    • Kerala Culture by KAS Tutor based on KAS Syllabus 2025 (to buy the study material, email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com).


    Paper 2 

    (A) Indian Constitution, Public Administration, Political System, Governance, Social Justice and International Relations


    • Indian Constitution at Work, NCERT Class XI 
    • Indian Polity by Laxmikanth (6th edition) 
    • Governance in India by Laxmikanth 
    • International Organisations by IAS Parliament 
    • Annual reports of NHRC, NCW, NCSC, NCST etc. 


    (B) Science and Technology



    (C) Monthly compilation of any educational institutes


    Paper 3 

    (A) Economy and Planning 


    • Introductory Macroeconomics, NCERT Class XII 
    • Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT Class XII 
    (A.8,9) Kerala Economy




    (B) Geography 






    For any eBook order/purchase-related queries like a delay in receiving the download link to your email from Instamojo, then leave a comment below or directly email us at kastutor4u@gmail.com

    Friends, just hold on! 

    This page will be updated with new information as they come in.

    Click here>> to join our Facebook Page and get Fb updates

    Click here>> to get regular updates from this page 

    Click here>> for getting updates in your email
    - 16 comments:
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    Tuesday, 25 April 2023

    Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) | Key Highlights for UPSC & State PSC Exams

    What is Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, HBOT? Key Points for UPSC & State PSC Exams

    • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a medical treatment in which a person is exposed to pure oxygen (100%) in a pressurized environment (more than 1 atm). 
    • Hyperbaric - The word indicates the pressure greater than 1 atm 
    • It is often used to treat medical conditions such as decompression sickness which may cause due to Scuba diving, carbon monoxide poisoning, and non-healing wounds. 
    • It is also being studied for its potential use in treating other conditions such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and autism.
    Why in News?

    Bollywood actor Anupam Kher shares video of Anil Kapoor inside Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Chamber which went viral.

    How to prepare HBOT topic for UPSC & State PSC Exams

    In the UPSC exam, a candidate may be asked about the uses, benefits, and potential drawbacks of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. They may be asked to explain the physiological mechanisms behind HBOT or to discuss the results of clinical trials investigating its effectiveness for treating certain medical conditions.

    A candidate may also be asked to compare and contrast HBOT with other medical treatments or to analyze the ethical considerations involved in its use. They may be asked to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of HBOT and to discuss its accessibility for different populations.

    In order to prepare for questions related to hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the UPSC exam, candidates should be familiar with the basic principles of medical treatment and the scientific research methods used to evaluate their effectiveness. They should also be knowledgeable about the specific uses and potential benefits of HBOT, as well as any potential risks or drawbacks associated with its use. Staying up-to-date with the latest research on HBOT and its potential applications can also be helpful in preparing for the exam.

    UPSC Sample Questions and Answers related to HBOT

    Q: What is hyperbaric oxygen therapy and what medical conditions is it used to treat?

    A: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a medical treatment in which a person is exposed to pure oxygen in a pressurized environment. It is often used to treat medical conditions such as decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, and non-healing wounds. HBOT works by increasing the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in the bloodstream, which can help to promote healing and reduce inflammation.

    Q: What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of hyperbaric oxygen therapy?

    A: Some potential benefits of hyperbaric oxygen therapy include improved wound healing, reduced inflammation, and increased oxygenation of tissues. However, there are also potential drawbacks associated with HBOT, such as the risk of oxygen toxicity and barotrauma (damage to tissues caused by changes in pressure). Additionally, HBOT can be expensive and may not be covered by all insurance plans.

    Q: How is hyperbaric oxygen therapy being studied for its potential use in treating other medical conditions?

    A: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is currently being studied for its potential use in treating a variety of medical conditions, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, and autism. Researchers are investigating the effects of HBOT on brain function and inflammation, as well as its potential to improve cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in individuals with autism.

    Q: How does hyperbaric oxygen therapy compare to other medical treatments for the conditions it is used to treat?

    A: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is often used in combination with other medical treatments for the conditions it is used to treat, such as wound care or carbon monoxide poisoning. The effectiveness of HBOT may vary depending on the severity and type of condition being treated, as well as other factors such as the patient's overall health and medical history. Additionally, the cost and accessibility of HBOT may differ from other treatments, which can also affect its use.

    Q: What ethical considerations are involved in the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy?

    A: The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy raises ethical considerations related to its safety, effectiveness, and accessibility. It is important for healthcare providers to weigh the potential benefits and risks of HBOT for each individual patient and to ensure that it is being used in a safe and appropriate manner. Additionally, the cost of HBOT can be a barrier to access for some individuals, which raises issues related to healthcare equity and access to care.


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    Kerala Administrative Service | KAS Mains Model Questions | Detailed Answer Key | 2025

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